Davenport Institute

Research Reports

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Common Paths: Connecting Metropolitan Inner City Opportunities

Thomas Tseng

May 1999

VI. FOOTNOTES

1 Fulton, W. (1997). The Reluctant Metropolis: The Politics of Urban Growth in Los Angeles. Point Arena, CA: Solano Press Books; Logan, J., & Molotch, H. (1987). Urban Fortunes: The Political Economy of Place. Berkeley: University of California Press.

2 Beyond Sprawl: New Patterns of Growth to Fit the New California, A report sponsored by Bank of America, July 1995; Lacayo, R. (1999, March 22). The Brawl Over Sprawl. Time, pp. 45-48; Downs, A. (1998, Fall). How America's Cities Are Growing: The Big Picture. Brookings Review, Vol. 16, No. 4, pp. 8-11; Ewing, R. (1997). Is Los Angeles-Style Sprawl Desirable? Journal of the American Planning Association, 63 (1), 107-126; Geddes, R. (1997, Nov-Dec). Metropolis Unbound: The Sprawling American City and the Search For Alternatives. The American Prospect, pp. 40-46.

3 Katz, B. & Bernstein, S. (1998, Fall). The New Metropolitan Agenda: Connecting Cities and Suburbs. Brookings Review, Vol. 16, No. 4, pp. 4-7; Knopman, D.S. (1999, Mar-Apr) The Revolt Against Sprawl. The New Democrat, Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 8-11.

4 Johnson, J. H., Jones, C. K., Farrell, W. C., & Oliver, M. L. (1992). The Los Angeles Rebellion, 1992: A Preliminary Assessment From Ground Zero. UCLA Center for the Study of Urban Poverty, Occasional Working Paper Series, Vol 2, No. 7. Also discussed in Tierney, K. (1993). Los Angeles 1992: First Urban Unrest of the 21st Century. University of Delaware Disaster Research Center, Preliminary Paper #188; Pastor, M., Dreier, P., Grigsby, J. E., Lopez-Garza, M. (1997). Growing Together: Linking Regional and Community Development in a Changing Economy. A project funded by the John Randolph Haynes and Dora Haynes Foundation. Los Angeles: Occidental College, International & Public Affairs Center, pp. 2-1 to 2-5. The effects of plant closings in inner-city communities across the country is also discussed in Wilson, W. J. (1996). When Work Disappears: The World of the New Urban Poor. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.

5 Storper, M., Zabin, C., Wolff, G., Haas, G., & Olney, P. (1994). Manufacturing Matters: A Sectoral Approach to Combatting Low Wages in Los Angeles. Los Angeles: University of California, Lewis Center for Regional Policy Studies, School of Public Policy and Social Research.

6 William Julius Wilson: "I believe that the exodus of middle-and working-class families from ghetto neighborhoods removes an important `social buffer' that could deflect the full impact of prolonged and increasing joblessness. This argument is based on the assumption that even if truly disadvantaged segments of an inner-city area experience a significant increase in long-term spells of joblessness, the basic institutions in that area (churches, schools, stores, recreational facilities, etc.) would remain viable if much of the base of their support comes from the more economically stable and secure families. Moreover, the very presence of these families during such periods provides mainstream role models that help to keep alive the perception that education is meaningful, that steady employment is a viable alternative to welfare, and that family stability is the norm, not the exception." from Wilson, W. J. (1987). The Truly Disadvantaged: The Inner City, The Underclass, and Public Policy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

7 Aubry, E. J. (1998, Dec. 4). Lost Soul, A Lament For Black Los Angeles. LA Weekly, pp. 32-42; Wilson, W. J., ibid., p. 56.

8 Friedman, D. (1994). The New Economy Project: Final Report. Los Angeles: The New Vision Business Council of Southern California.

9 Kyser, J. (1998 4th Quarter). The Impending Housing Crisis in Southern California. The Economic Edge, pp. 1-3; Flanigan, J. (1998, Aug. 30). The Problem Is Larger Than Housing. Los Angeles Times, p. D4.

10 Kotkin, J. Orange County: The Fate of a Post-Suburban Paradise. La Jolla Institute. Available: www.lajollainstitute.org

11 Anderson, G., & Tregoning, H. (1998). Smart Growth in Our Future? ULI-The Urban Land Institute. ULI on the Future: Smart Growth. Washington, D.C.: ULI-The Urban Land Institute, 4-11; Knopman, D. S., op. cit., p. 11.

12 The perceptions of inner-city neighborhoods and cities in general are also discussed in "Life in the City: A Status Report on the Revival of Urban Communities in America," a report by the Urban Neighborhoods Task Force, co-sponsored by the Center for National Policy and the Local Initiatives Support Corporation, pp. 5-8.

13 In determining the boundaries for "South LA," there is no single, widely held definition of the area's geographic parameters. This is complicated by the fact that different municipalities, agencies, and researchers have utilized various definitions for different purpose. For this report, the geographic boundaries used to map South LA are the Santa Monica Freeway (North), Imperial Highway (South), La Brea Avenue (West), and Alameda Avenue (East). This captures most definitions provided to me.

14 1998 Claritas Information Systems.

15 U.S. Census Bureau, 1990.

16 U.S. Census Bureau, 1990.

17 U.S. Census Bureau, 1980 and 1990.

18 1998 Claritas.

19 Aubry, op. cit., p. 32.

20 Pastor, M., Dreier, P., Grigsby, J.E., & Lopez-Garza, M. (1997). Growing Together: Linking Regional and Community Development in a Changing Economy. A project funded by the John Randolph Haynes and Dora Haynes Foundation. Los Angeles: Occidental College, International & Public Affairs Center.

21 Ibid., pp. 2-20.

22 Kretzmann, J. P., & McKnight, J. L. (1993). Building Communities From the Inside Out: A Path Toward Finding and Mobilizing A Community's Assets. Center for Urban Affairs and Policy Research. Chicago: ACTA Publications. The focus is on economic assets as opposed to other community assets-individuals, associations, institutions-an important distinction.

23 Rebuilding L.A.'s Neglected Communities: A Final Report From RLA. Santa Monica: Milken Institute, 1997. p. 11.

24 Phillips-Fein, K. (1998, Sept-Oct). The Still Industrial City: Why Cities Shouldn't Just Let Manufacturing Go. The American Prospect, No. 40, 28-37.

25 These establishments include schools, museums, churches, civic associations, and others. Together, this subsector forms an important "social asset" base and is a fundamental aspect of civil society. See Putnam, R. (1995). Bowling Alone: America's Declining Social Capital. Journal of Democracy. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press.

26 Since 1993, nondurable manufacturing has added approximately 15,000 new jobs throughout the county. March 1999 figures from California Employment Development Department.

27 Manufacturing Matters, op. cit., p. 2.

28 1998 Claritas Information Systems.

29 U.S. Census Bureau, 1980 and 1990.

30 1998 Claritas Information Systems.

31 Brown, J., Moon, J., and ICIC (1995). The Competitive Advantage of Inner-City Los Angeles. The Initiative for a Competitive Inner City; Palmer, L. (1998). When Supply Fails to Meet Demand: The Increased Costs and Risks Associated with Inner City Retail Development. Unpublished M.A. thesis, UCLA School of Public Policy and Social Research.

32 RLA Grocery Store Market Potential Study, prepared by RLA, October 1995. The geographic parameters of the area differ slightly from the one used in this report.

33 "Case Study: Magic Johnson Theaters, Unmet Consumer Demand as Competitive Advantage." Prepared by the Initiative for a Competitive Inner City. Available: www.icic.org.

34 Interview with Blair Thomas, Inner City Development Corporation, December 1998; Thomas, B. H., & Ware, T. L. (1998, May/June). Franchising World, pp. 24-29.

35 City of Los Angeles Cultural Affairs Department Publication of the City's Inventory of Historic-Cultural Monuments.

36 Interview with Denise Fairchild, Community Development Technologies Center, April 1999; Sanchez, J. (1995, September 24). Living the Dream. Los Angeles Times. p. D6. At the time this article was released, more than 12,000 homes had been sold in South LA since 1990 (in an area much smaller than the one defined in this report). The vast majority of the homebuyers were Latino immigrants.

37 An Evaluation of the Potential for Retail Development in South Central Los Angeles. (January 29-31), 1996. A ULI-Urban Land Institute Advisory Services Report sponsored by The Alliance for Neighborhood Economic Development/Korean Youth & Community Center, the Local Initiatives Support Corporation, and the City of Los Angeles.

38 Sanchez, J., op. cit., p. D6.

39 1994 & 1995 RLA firm interviews. Also Brown, J., Moon, J., & ICIC, op. cit., pp. 83-99.

40 1996 Claritas Information Systems.

41 1996 Claritas Information Systems.

42 The role of social capital in stimulating economic development has been discussed most prominently by Putnam, R. (1993). Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.

43 "Life in the City," p. 27.

44 For more information on these organizations, refer to The Pratt Institute Center for Community and Environmental Development, (1997). Community Development Corporation Oral History Project, Brooklyn, NY. Available: www.picced.org.

45 "Life in the City" op. cit., p. 27.

46 Dun & Bradstreet, March 1999.

47 Henton, D., Melville, J., & Walesh, K. (1997). Grassroots Leaders for a New Economy: How Civic Entrepreneurs Are Building Prosperous Communities, San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass Publishers; Getting Results and Facing New Challenges: California's Civic Entrepreneur Movement, The James Irvine Foundation (1999, January). A report from the 1998 Civic Entrepreneur Summit, September 13-15, San Diego, California.